Roman Republic And Early Roman Empire Essay - 1511 Words

The later Roman Republic and early Roman Empire controlled most of modern day Europe through Northern Africa to Asia Minor. This time of complete dominance over much of the known world propelled Rome into a new era of wealth and prosperity that allowed Romans to look past military expansion. The Roman state now turned towards betterment of society and the â€Å"craving for a good education.† Education was seen not only as a tool for the furthering of personal careers, but as a way to improve Rome. Education passed along virtue and the skills necessary to run the Republic and early Empire. This knowledge began in the home, transferring from father to son through the role of fathers as paterfamilias or head of household. Fathers were in charge of ensuring the best possible education for their sons in hope that they would further the ideals and goals of a glorious Rome. Education, through the different steps of the informal Roman education structure and through the influence of the father, furthered the ideal of Roman virtue and ensured generations of virtuous leaders. Early education was usually obtained through the family especially since there were â€Å"no free public schools.† Even where there were publicly funded schools, Romans feared the privilege of education â€Å"might be corrupted to serve private interests.† This went against the Roman ideal that looked towards education as a betterment of society, not the individual. Pliny, in 100 AD to the community of Comum, argued itShow MoreRelatedRise of the Roman Republic Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesRISE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Rome became a powerful empire engulfing much of Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia and what seemed like this great entity called the Romans were always in the search of more territory and land to conquer and assimilate into their ever growing vast empire. However, this was not always the case, before Rome became one of the greatest empires in all of history, Rome was a republic. They were government consisted of a Senate who muchRead MoreGovernment Of Roman Republic And Modern Government Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesGovernment of Roman Republic The government of Roman Republic was certainly a precursor of modern government. Social class played a vital role in the beginning of Republics. Whether a person was a wealthy patrician or common plebeian decided what role he can play in the government. Consuls stayed above Senate. Senate made decisions on spending, taxation and relationship with foreign powers. Last there was the Assembly, which continued to change the rules and rights. Roman society and its politicsRead MoreThe Ancient Roman Empire1518 Words   |  6 Pagesprogressive and triumphant as the Roman Empire. Also remarkable in the fact that it did not conform to Western democracy. Comprised of sizeable portions of the world that ran from the Mediterranean Sea to areas surrounding continental Europe and the Middle East. It was the largest spanning empire the world had ever seen and succeeded in cultural control on the lands and of the people, lasting centuries. The Roman republic lasted from 507 to 31 BCE, the Republic unlike other major historic civilisationsRead MoreHow Roman Empire Different From The Roman Republic?1136 Words   |  5 PagesBerkowitz History 101 Exam #2 How Was The Roman Empire Different From The Roman Republic? Our modern idea about the words republic and imperial suggests that a republic is fair and upheld by a constitution or contract with its people; however, an imperial system is harsh, brutal and controlled by a tyrant. This perception of the words republic and empire does not necessarily pertain to ancient Rome. The differences between the Roman Empire and the Roman Republic reveal something much different. TheRead MoreRome Essay Question1622 Words   |  7 PagesStudy Guide Question #1 Rome – early empires Here is what I am hoping to do when I take write my response to this question. Definitely doesn’t matter how you do, just thought I would clarify for any one still a bit confused. My plan is to take the main examples provided for why each is successful and format it as follows: Roman Republic, Roman Empire, both, hit on other civilizations, misc. I’m planning to link examples that explain how other emperors didn’t do what Rome did correctly directlyRead MoreThe Roman And Roman Empire1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roman Empire, which was centered in the city of Rome, was the most extensive western civilization of ancient times. With its major advancements and prosperity it is hard to believe that the Roman Empire suddenly collapsed and fell into a time known as the Dark Ages. After a period of struggles for the Roman Empire, the empire gradually fell. Rome was the most successful civilization of its time. Its strategic location in the center of the Italian Peninsula and the fertile plains that supportedRead MoreThe Civilization Of Ancient Rome1366 Words   |  6 Pages The Civilization of Ancient Rome and The Time of the Kings, From Republic to Empire: Romulus and Remus, the Etruscans, the Greeks and early influences HST 101 Spring 2015 Lance Raebel Pima Community College West Campus Tucson, Arizona Table of Contents Introduction I. Romulus And Remus founding story a. Twin brothers i. Considered to be half gods ii. Rasied by a she wolf b. Father the god of war i. Rapes Rhea Silvia their mother c. Find Rome i. Romulus then kills Remus for leadership IIRead MoreEtruscan And Roman Art History Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesEtruscan And Roman Art The period known as the Roman Republic began with the overthrow of the last Etruscan king and lasted until the death of Julius Caesar. Historically, the Republic was a time of expansion that was accomplished through war and alliances. The expansion of the empire brought about social, political, and economic changes that defined the empire for centuries. The death of Commodus, the son of Marcus Aurelius, marked the end of the Antonine dynasty. The erosion of Roman power becameRead MoreAncient Rome And The Roman Empire1067 Words   |  5 Pagesheight, the Roman Empire was the most extensive political and social structure in western civilization. The remains of this empire can still be seen today. The empire was filled with advanced people and technology for its time. The Roman Empire has rich history, helpful geography and resources, provinces, an advanced government, and unique people and culture. Ancient Rome can be divided into three main parts. The Roman Monarchy, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. The Romans believed thatRead MoreThe Roman Empire Was At Its Height. Despite Many Historians1202 Words   |  5 Pages The Roman Empire was at its Height. Despite many historians and professors attribute the fall of the Roman empire to excess and corruption, the role of Christianity shifting power, increased technology beyond the borders of the empire, the passing of power and trade created a situation that made the fall of such a large cumbersome empire inevitable. Rome History The founder of Rome goes back to the very first early days of the civilization. It is so old it is known as the eternal

The Legal And Ethical Obligation Confidentiality Of Hiv...

Exceptions to the legal and ethical obligation to maintain the confidentiality of HIV-related information exist. For example, health care providers in the U.S. have a duty to report HIV infections and AIDS cases to public health authorities. The benefits to the public health of this reporting are felt to outweigh the risk to individuals. Reporting of AIDS cases has always included the patient s name and other identifying information. Although reporting of HIV infections initially was not done by name, there has been a recent and controversial movement in the U.S. toward name-based reporting of HIV infection. The debate over name-based reporting has focused on the need for more accurate epidemiological information regarding the spread of†¦show more content†¦What would you prefer? An infected surgeon or no surgeon at all. It s yet another example of the way in which well-meaning officials in a distant land can write policy guidelines which are worse than useless in a poor nat ion. But in the wealthiest nations where there is near hysteria at times over these issues, contact tracing is the standard response of a hospital when they find out a surgeon has HIV. Perhaps the most difficult dilemma occurs when there are conflicts between the clinician’s values and the client s behaviors. Professionals know that if a client threatens suicide or homicide, there is a duty to report. But most of the daily concerns that arise are not so simple. Ethical issues come up in numerous, seemingly insignificant ways. Also, I feel fidelity is a fairly simple concept that can be violated easily. When a substance abuse treatment counselor takes on a client, there is an implicit contract with the client. The contract assumes that the counselor will work to resolve the client s concerns and that information will be shared in a truthful manner between the counselor and the client. By having the client sign consent forms, the counselor is promising that the information provided will remain confidential to anyone who is not listed on the form. The client agrees to follow the agency s rules. In a professional manner I would while strongly advocating ART as the best course of action for HIV/AIDS patients, physicians mustShow MoreRelatedCounseling: An Ethical Dilemma with HIV/AIDS Essay example2398 Words   |  10 Pagessensitive information about themselves. Many times when a person is coming in for counseling the individual is vulnerable and looking to improve the quality of life. This is the reason why confidentiality is highly important in therapy. It is an essential piece that helps to create a rapport and relationship between the client and therapist. One area in which it is extremely important to explore confidentiality is when clients have HIV/AIDS and there is a third party involved. The HIV/AIDS epidemicRead MoreEssay on Programmatic Assessment-Epidemiology Nur/4081979 Words   |  8 Pagesis the homeless. The disease related to this population is HIV/AIDS. It will define and describe epidemiology regarding HIV/AIDS and the steps and methods used. This document will also define the Epidemiological Triangle and the different types of epidemiology. It will also discuss how the population chosen characteristics influences vulnerability and how the cultural considerations may influence health status of the individual. It will explain the ethical and legal considerations and how to overcomeRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Hiv / Aids2413 Words   |  10 Pages isolation, bias and discrimination. The HIV virus took the public by disbelief, one of the main tribulations with HIV disease was that there was no concrete evidence that determined its transmission. Many Semantic variations such as gay mans disease created biases and discrimination toward this population (CITE). The onset of HIV/AIDS virus also created a devastating impact on healthcare professionals and forced members to re-evaluate legal and ethical standards of care. Hospital based nursesRead MoreEthical Dilemma of Hiv Disclosure in Intimate Relationships5638 Words   |  23 PagesHIV Preve ntion with Positives in Thailand: Ethical Dilemma of HIV Status Disclosure in intimate relationship. Abstract Every year, there are about ten thousand new HIV infection cases in Thailand. The majority of new HIV transmissions in Thailand have changed from commercial sex to intimate relationships while HIV prevention generally focuses on self protection and universal precaution. In 2003, Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend to integrate HIV preventive measure into routineRead MoreLegal System5790 Words   |  24 PagesThe Legal System Imagine you are the director of health information services for a medium-sized health care facility. Like many of your peers, you have contracted with an outside copying service to handle all requests for release of patient health information at your facility. You have learned that a lobbying organization for trial attorneys in your state is promoting legislation to place a cap on photocopying costs, which is significantly below the actual costs incurred as part of the contractRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children5936 Words   |  24 Pagesinteracts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. In Western countries, preventing child abuse is considered a high priority, and detailed laws and policies exist to address this issue. Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. According to the Journal of Child AbuseRead MoreHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pages------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Week 1: Introductions/Overview: An Ethical and Legal Framework - Discussion This weeks graded topics relate to the following Terminal Course Objectives (TCOs): A | Given a situation related to reproductive genetics, genetic research, or the human genome project, develop a set of legal and ethical guidelines, which can be applied to genetic issues for the conduct of medical practice and/or research. | B | Given the contentiousRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 PagesE-1a). o Updates confidentiality procedures: adds exceptions to the confidentiality of survey responses; adds requirement to provide inconspicuous location to submit paper and pencil format; provides guidance on group versus individual reporting (para E-2). o Deletes the tools used for obtaining the command climate surveys (para E-5). o Adds requirement for survey administrator and data collector to protect respondent anonymity and results confidentiality; adds exceptions to the Read MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words   |  77 Pagespage: 19 Results page: 20-33 Discussion page: 34-37 References page: 38-41 Appendices Appendix 1: The Freedom Programme page: 42 Appendix 2: Stockton Doves page: 43 Appendix 3: Example Questions page: 44 Appendix 4: Information Sheet page: 45 Appendix 5: Consent Form: Study 1 page: 46 Appendix 6: Consent Form: Study 2 page: 47 Appendix 7: Example of transcribed Interview page: 48-55 Abstract Domestic violence is defined in many ways and is subjectRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 Pagescall (630) 792-5954. Suggested Citation The Joint Commission: Advancing Effective Communication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care: A Roadmap for Hospitals. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: The Joint Commission, 2010. For more information about The Joint Commission, please visit http://www.jointcommission.org. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................vii Introduction ................

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program - 2412 Words

Purpose of Program In regards to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the purpose of the organization could be described as insuring that eligible, low-income individuals and families have access to nutritional and economic benefits. According to the United Stated Department of Agriculture, SNAP is the largest program in the domestic hunger safety net (USDA, 2016). The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) assists state agencies, nutrition educators, neighborhood, and faith-based organizations to ensure that those deemed eligible for nutritional assistance are able to make informed decisions in regards to applying for the program and are able to access benefits. The FNS also works with state partners and the retail community†¦show more content†¦During the Reagan administration, the Food Stamps Program would suffer severe budget cuts in the year 1981 but was later restored funding in 1988 and 1990 as a means to combat the hunger crisis in America. This led to the accessibility of the EBT card. In the 2008 Farm Bill, the Food Stamp Program would be renamed the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or â€Å"SNAP† for short. During the year 2011, the program would become recognized as the largest federal food assistance program in the country, serving 14% of the population (more than 45 million American citizens). On the 7th day of February, 2014, President Barack Obama would sign into law the 2014 Farm Bill, which is also referred to as the Agricultural Act of 2014. In April, 2015 the USDA awarded $31.5 million in funding to local, state, and national organizations to support programs that help participants in SNAP increase their purchase of fruits and vegetables. Philosophical Base of Program When attempting to determine whether SNAP is residual or institutional, one must first be able to differentiate between the two. Residual Social Work is defined as either â€Å"reactive† or â€Å"gap-filling†. This sort of approach deals with needs as they come and attends to those that can’t be addressed by any other societal means. On the other hand, Institutional Social Work takes an

Essay about Emily Murphy Canadian Womens Rights Activist

Emily Murphy: Canadian Womens Rights Activist It was only in this century that women in Canada had equal rights as men. But this would never happen if women themselves would not start fighting for their rights. One of these women was Emily Murphy and her greatest achievement, Emily proved that women are `persons and therefore they have the right to work in any political office. Her life and political career lead her to this achievement. Emily Gowan Ferguson was born on March 14, 1868 in a village of Cookstown. It was Uncle Thomas who was a politician and who influenced Emilys interest in politics. At fifteen Emily moved to Toronto and attended the Bishop Strachan School for Girls. Emily married Reverend†¦show more content†¦In 1914 Mrs. Murphy and Mrs. McClung joined forces and in 1916 after long negotiations a suffrage bill was introduced to the legislature. Because of the war now ranging in Europe there was an even greater sense of urgency for womens suffrage, and Murphy - McClung team doubled its efforts. The first session in February 24, 1916 Premier Sifton read the bill and along with it approximately forty thousand signatures. The next day he brought a bill of his own allowing women a status of complete political equality with men in all provincial, municipal, and school matters. The result of Emilys effort was that on June 19, 1916, Judge Murphy became first woman police magistrate in the British Empire.. In January 1921 Mrs. Murphy received a letter from a secretary of the Montreal Womens Club saying that women here want her in the senate. This letter encouraged Emily to fight the question through to a finish ... In August 27, 1927 Judge Murphy sent a letter to Ottawa in a request by the governor-general-in- council to the Supreme Court for a ruling on the question, `Does the word Persons in Section 24 of the British North America Act 1867, include female persons? Section 24 was the excuse of Senators not letting a woman to be a `person and therefore not allowing women to hold political office. Finally on October 18, 1929 Lord SankeyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Canadian Change Bringers-100 Years Of Womens Activism Exhibit1547 Words   |  7 Pages Canadian Change Bringers - 100 Years of Women’s Activism Exhibit Introduction Ever since its origins in the late-1800s, the women’s movement in Canada has successfully fought for the formal equality of Canadian women, establishing justice through legal and social means. Although supported by thousands, if not millions of women in Canada, the women’s movement of Canada has been spearheaded by a select few, who individually, were able to /c Read MoreWars, Guns, Votes Democracy in Dangerous Places Book Analysis1502 Words   |  7 Pagesof racial minorities. White Canadians saw the presence of Asians during the first third of the twentieth century as the greatest threat to national prosperity.1 In The Black Candle, Emily Murphy a magistrate from Edmonton addresses the problem of drug trafficking in Canada and despite taking some care to present her remarks as detached and scientific, she had some clear opinions regarding various racial and ethnic groups and their involvement in the trade. Murp hy expressed stereotypical and prejudicedRead MoreWomen s Equality And Justice For Women1871 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Feminism can be described as a doctrine that advocated equal rights for women (Quirk, 2015). 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The Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 How Special Is It Free Essays

string(53) " employment or export returns \(Farole and Akinci\)\." Cabatos 1 Lawdemhar T. Cabatos Ms. Louyzza Maria Victoria H. We will write a custom essay sample on The Special Economic Zone Act of 1995: How Special Is It? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vasquez English 10 21 March 2013 The Special Economic Zone Act of 1995: How Special Is It? Approved on February 24, 1995, the Special Economic Zone Act of 1995, the â€Å"act providing for the legal framework and mechanisms for the creation, operation, administration, and coordination of special economic zones in the Philippines, creating for this purpose, the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA), and for other purposes,† took effect on the very day President Fidel Valdez Ramos imprinted his signature on the bill (â€Å"Republic Act No. 7916). It is the government? s declared policy to materialize state policies and provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Section 20, Article II of the 1987 Constitution states, â€Å"The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments† and Section 12 of Article XII declares that â€Å"The State shall promote the preferential use of Filipino labor, domestic materials and locally produced goods, and adopt measures that help make them competitive,† (â€Å"The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines†). By virtue of Republic Act No. 916, the Philippine government hopes to fulfill the mandates of its constitution. Before we deal on how special Republic Act No. 7916 really is, what are special economic zones (SEZs)? Defined in Republic Act No. 7916, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) or ECOZONES are â€Å"selected areas with highly developed or which have the potential to be Cabatos 2 developed into agro-industrial, industrial, tourist/recreational, commercial, banking, investment and financial centers. An ECOZONE may contain any or all of the following: industrial estates (IEs), export processing zones (EPZs), free trade zones, and tourist/recreational centers. The law defines an industrial estate (IE) as â€Å"a tract of land subdivided and developed according to a comprehensive plan under a unified continuous management and with provisions for basic infrastructure and utilities, with or without pre-built standard factory buildings and community facilities for the use of the community of industries. † An export processing zone (EPZ) is â€Å"a specialized industrial estate located physically and/or administratively outside customs territory, predominantly oriented to export production. A free trade zone is â€Å"an isolated policed area adjacent to a port of entry (as a seaport) and/or airport where imported goods may be unloaded for im mediate transshipment or stored, repacked, sorted, mixed, or otherwise manipulated without being subject to import duties† (â€Å"Republic Act No. 7916†). For years, industrialization has been centered in key cities – the National Capital Region for Luzon, Cebu for Visayas and Davao and Cagayan de Oro for Mindanao – leaving other regions trailing behind the Philippine industrialization scheme. Thus, special economic zones, as stated in the objectives of the law, are created to promote rural industrialization by transforming selected areas in the country into highly developed industrial, commercial and financial centers thereby promoting flow of both foreign and local investors and generating employment opportunities for the area? s labor force and ultimately supporting the government? s effort to reduce unemployment (â€Å"Republic Act No. 7916†). Economic zones are also thought to promote balanced growth by providing jobs especially to rural areas. Employment generation by special economic zones, in theory, bridges the poverty gap among social classes and balances the regional income inequality among regions (Clarete and Veron). Cabatos 3 To promote the flow of local and foreign investors into special economic zones, the law provides special incentives to enterprises located in special economic zones, including exemptions from taxes under the National Internal Revenue Code. The law states that no taxes, local or national, shall be imposed on business enterprises operating within the ECOZONES. Instead, five percent (5%) of the gross income within the ECOZONE shall be remitted to the national government. Incentives are also given to enterprises located in export processing zones (EPZs) and free trade zones. Special permits for the importation of capital equipment and raw materials that are not subject to duties, taxes and other import restrictions are given to these businesses (â€Å"Republic Act No. 7916†). Through giving prospective investors tax incentives, the government aims to reel in foreign investors and urge local investors to establish businesses in special economic zones. Prior to the establishment of special economic zones in the Philippines, other Asian countries have already created special economic zones with the goal of attracting foreign direct investment, easing extensive unemployment, supporting a wider economic improvement policy, and as experimental laboratories and test economies for the application of new policies and approaches (Farole and Akinci). Studies have been conducted in recent years to look into the cost-to-benefit ratio and economic and social impacts of policies enacted for the creation of special economic zones in these countries. In China, for example, the Third Plenum of the 11th Congress of the Chinese Communist Party adopted the Open Door Policy in 1978 and in 1980, four municipalities in two provinces were designated as special economic zones, opening China to global contact and influences. Almost immediately, the four special economic zones accounted for 59. 8% of the total Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China. Since then, the SEZs continued to result in high rates of Cabatos 4 economic growth in China (Yeung, Lee and Kee). Analysis on the economic statistics of Chinese municipalities from 1978 to 2007 showed how special economic zones benefit the economy of China. Special economic zones increase per capita municipal foreign direct investment by 58% in foreign-invested and export-oriented industrial enterprises. Further analysis on the statistics also showed that the special economic zones increased municipal foreign owned capital stock while keeping the domestic capital and investment at a competitive level. Special economic zones also bring more advanced technology and increased total factor productivity by 0. 6% (Wang). Despite the economic benefits special economic zones have brought to China, several cases have turned up showing unsuccessful implementation of special economic zones in several countries. Quite a number of zones have become „white elephants? , zones that resulted in an industry taking advantage of tax breaks and incentives but are unable to generate substantial employment or export returns (Farole and Akinci). You read "The Special Economic Zone Act of 1995: How Special Is It?" in category "Essay examples" Similar to the SEZs, Industrial Development Zones (IDZs) have been established in South Africa. However, unlike the impressive performance of special economic zones in other countries which transformed their economies into tiger economies, IDZs in South Africa have failed to sufficiently attract foreign investments or compete internationally (Altbeker, McKeown and Bernstein). In India, the designation of special economic zones has generated and constantly increased employment in regions where special economic zones are established. Figures may seem large, but when employment enerated by special economic zones in India is analyzed on a national level, special economic zones in India accounted for only less than one percent (1%) of the total manufacturing employment since their establishment in 1966 (Aggarwal). Cabatos 5 In the Philippines, special economic zones have already been established even before the Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 became a law. It was in 1923 that the Chambe r of Commerce of the Philippines first conceptualized the creation of export processing zones or special economic zones. By 1967 the first export processing zone, the Bataan Export Processing Zone (BEPZ) was established by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 66 of then-President Ferdinand Marcos. Since then, several others have been established including two of the country? s major special economic zones – the Clark Special Economic Zone and the Subic Bay Freeport Zone (Mallari and Padilla). The Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 was the government? s response to the call of rural industrialization of the 1993-1998 Medium Term Philippine Development Plan. In pursuit for the aim of dispersing the industrialization scheme outside the National Capital Region, the government developed special economic zones through its Philippines 2000 program (Mallari and Padilla). With the SEZs? goal of promoting the flow of investments and generation of employment, studies have been conducted focusing on three of the major special economic zones in the country, the Bataan Export Processing Zone (BEPZ), the Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) and the Subic Bay Freeport Zone, to look into the benefits and drawbacks of creating these special economic zones to Philippine economy and society. Looking into the working conditions of the Bataan Export Processing Zone, survey results have shown that majority of the labor force was composed of female workers, accounting for seventy-four percent (74%) of the total workforce, 67% of which are young or are 24 years old and below. Moreover, workers have been found to be well-educated relative to the job they have been hired for in the Bataan Export Processing Zone. Sixty percent (60%) had finished high school education and 16% pursued a post-secondary education (Mallari and Padilla). Cabatos 6 Significant difference in the wage of male and female workers was lso observed. Female workers were given a lower basic wage relative to that of male workers. Furthermore, one-third of the employees were paid below the minimum wage for the Bataan region. Despite the uneven and insufficient wages of workers, laborers sill work six days per week. A quarter of the labor force worked for 60 hours and 5% worked for more than 70 hours per week, wh ere 46% worked overtime. The study reported that the working hours of workers per week in the Bataan Export Processing Zone were greater than the standard working hours of 8 hours per day and 48 hours per week (Mallari and Padilla). In conclusion, the Bataan Export Processing Zone was observed to have failed in creating sufficient opportunities of employment for the labor force in Mariveles, Bataan because of the limited capacity of enterprises to absorb the ever-increasing supply of labor in the area. The BEPZ, despite being momentarily able to generate adequate employment opportunities, has not catalyzed the growth of other economic activities in the region (Mallari and Padilla). The Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) and the Subic Bay Freeport Zone were created by virtue of Republic Act No. 227, otherwise known as the Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992. The act aimed to convert Clark and Subic U. S. military bases, together with their extensions and substations, into productive civilian and economic use of lands through the establishment of special economic zones (â€Å"Republic Act No. 7227). Similar to the performance of the Bataan Export Processing Zone, the Clark Special Economic Zone, despite having been able to continuously expand employment opportunities in Pampanga and increased the value of exports, has not proven to have generated substantial employment. The thousands of job opportunities provided for the labor supply in Pampanga is not significant in proportion with total employment of Pampanga (Mallari and Padilla). Cabatos 7 A study on the decisive factors in establishing enterprises in Subic concludes that investors opt to create businesses in Subic because of competitively-priced raw materials and the abundance of skilled and literate labor force (Go and Tatad). Add the incentives given to these enterprises and you get a multi-million dollar business enterprise booming in profit while compromising the benefits and quality of their labor force. How special then is the Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 and its SEZs? We recall that the goal for the enactment of this law and the creation of special economic zones is to take the Philippine industrialization scheme outside of Metro Manila, promote rural industrialization and the spur of economic activity in less urbanized regions, generate employment and ease the regional income inequality and the poverty gap among social classes. However, there seems to be a mishap, not on the law but on the implementation of the law. In policy, special economic zones promote balanced growth by spreading the industrialization in rural regions and SEZs are indisputably effective in promoting foreign and local investments in areas where they are located. Although SEZs have been established outside the National Capital Region, it is evident that a large number of these SEZs, especially the largest and most dynamic ones have been established in areas proximate to NCR and still leaving behind Visayas and Mindanao in the economic progress of Luzon. There have been improvements in the national regional income inequality but are largely due to changes in inequality between top ranking regions in Luzon (Clarete and Veron). Just how special is it then? Cabatos 8 China and other Asian countries have done it. Why haven? t we? Is it because of the law? No. It is because of the poor system that we have, a system driven by money and stained by corruption. And unless we start the change to a cleaner, more efficient and a better system, „special? would only be in the name of Republic Act No. 7916, not on Philippine society. Cabatos 9 Works Cited Aggarwal, Aradhna. Impact of Special Economic Zones on Employment, Poverty and Human Development. † Working Paper. Indian Council for Reserch on International Economic Relations. May 2007. Web. 15 March 2013 Alejandro, Ethel P. and Roselie B. Tubeo. Clark Special Economic Zone: An Assessment of Costs and Benefits. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman – School of Ec onomics, October 1998. Print. Altbeker, Antony, Katie McKeown and Ann Bernstein. â€Å"Special Economic Zones: Lessons for South Africa from international evidence and local. † Centre for Development and Enterprise Round Table. Johannesburg, South Africa: The Centre for Development and Enterprise, June 2012. Web. 15 March 2013 Anderson, Eric Moltzau. Economic Implications of Clark and Subic. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman – School of Economics, September 1996. Print. Beltran, Barbara and Ma. Lumen B. Isleta. The Establishment of Industrial Estates in the Philippines: an Inquiry into the Impact of Bataan Export Processing Zone on the Philippine Economy. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman – School of Economics, 18 March 1981. Print. Clarete, Kenneth Jordan M. nd Alvin F. Veron. Economic Zones and the Regional Income Inequality in the Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman School of Economics, April 2009. Print. Cabatos 10 Farole, Thomas and Gokhan Akinci. Special Economic Zones: Progress, Emerging Challenges and Future Directions. Washington DC: The World Bank. 2011. Web. 16 March 2013 Go, Marie Fleurdeliz Uy and Maria Raissa Cantero T atad. A Case Study on Foreign Investment in Philippine Special Economic Zones: The Analysis of the Factors Significant to Foreign Firms Investing in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman – School of Economics, March 1995. Print. Inciong, Leslie M. and Ma. Joy Kathleen U. Rabago. An Evaluation of the Economic Performance of Two Hybrid Ecozones: Subic Bay Freeport and Calabarzon Growth Network. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman – School of Economics, 16 October 1998. Print. Mallari, Christine Mae G. and Mary Prudence H. Padilla. Employment Generation and Working Condition at Clark Special Economic Zone. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Diliman – School of Economics, 2000. Print. â€Å"Republic Act No. 7227. † 13 March 1992. Philippine Bases Conversion and Development Authority. 20 March 2013. Web. 20 March 2013 â€Å"Republic Act No. 7916. † 24 February 1995. Official Gazette. Web. 11 March 2013. â€Å"The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines . † 11 February 1987. Official Gazette. Web. 11 March 2013 Cabatos 11 Wang, Jin. â€Å"The Economic Impact of Special Economic Zones: Evidence from Chinese Municipalities. † Job Market Paper. London School of Economics. November 2009. Web. 13 March 2013 Yeung, Yue-man, Joanna Lee and Gordon Kee. China’s Special Economic Zones at 30. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. 2009. Web. 19 March 2013. How to cite The Special Economic Zone Act of 1995: How Special Is It?, Essay examples

Unequal Charges for International Students - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theUnequal Charges for International Students. Answer: Critique of the Global Issue One of the Global issues where shared responsibility for common good is not being realized is Unequal Charges for international students in Australia, undoubtedly is an serious issue, Australia is very expensive for the International students for education purposes, because the international students are paying are higher amount as compared to the national students. This is not fair, students in the same universities should be charged the same amount of tuition fees (Jiang 2014). For international students it becomes a burden to manage the high fees, they have a high person maintenance as well because they are staying away from their home. The annual fees for International students for bachelors degree is AU$ 15,000, US$ 11,750 to AU$ 33,000, US $ 25,800. For masters degree AU$ 20,000 to $37,000 for doctoral degree it costs from AU$ 14,000 to AU $37,000, the students visas in Australia costs up to AU $535 (Day Nakata and Martin 2015). It has been observed that the International students studying in Australia pay upto 400 percent more than the Australian students, that is a huge gap in the fee structure of Australian students and International students. The reason according to Peter Osburne has nothing to do with the taxes rather it is an issue of national privilege, which is very biased decision and very unfair for the international students, the students from all around the globe pursue their education in Australia because Australia is ranked fifth in the world when it comes to global education. (Chapman and Ryan 2005). It is the responsibility of the authorities of the Institutions to make sure that those international who seek to pursue studies in Australia, should be treated equally, they should be not made to feel that they are outsiders. This can create differences among the students which will not good for the institutions to maintain harmony in the institutions. Ways to Address the Challenge Students from all around the world want to pursue higher education from Australia, students from some of the developing countries like Asia and students ftrom African countries might find the expenses and the fee structure too high to be maintained if they choose to study in the Australian Universities. Education strives to give equal opportunities to all the students, fee structure should be a hindrance to the students education, two students pursuing the same course should not be made to pay different charges. It stops some of brilliant and talented students from pursuing education in Australia. Whereas, those already studying find it difficult to manage their their expenses and hence forced to opt for employment while studying. It does not allow the students to concentrate properly on their studies, which could affect their results. What needs to be done here is that the government should intervene in the unfair treatment of International students, they should pass a law that clearly instructs the institutions to regulate a fair fee structure that does not differentiate between the Australian students and International students, since it is not legally wrong, but ethically it is very wrong. Government Intervention might help resolve the grievances of the International students who are paying a higher tuition fees. The Institutions should also consider that the international students already have their personal expenses, on summing up their all expenses that is a huge liability on the students. It is the duty of the institutions to lighten up their burden. Another thing that the Institutions can do is provide some concessions for the students so that they it can lighten up the financial burden on students (Kaiser et al. 2014). The authorities should also offer more scholarships to the international students who a re exceptionally good in the studies (Gale and Parker 2013). Government should make policies that would help the students who are not able to pay such high tuition fees. The countries from where the students belong, their home countries should help the students by offering student loans to those who are planning to study abroad. Financial barrier should not hinder the students education, they have equal rights to pursue education wherever they want to, without being discriminated (Marklein 2015). The most important thing that should be done is a strict order should be passed on the Institutions which make the education system a business, changes needs to be made for the in the laws that would restrict the Institutions from implementing two different types of fee structure in the same university (Meuleman et al 2014). The Colleges should provide accommodation facilities for the international students, this could help the students by reducing the expenses on accommodation. Cheap Hostel facilities for the International students within the college premises could help to a great extent in reducing their food and accommodation costs (Marginson 2015). Those students who desire to work while pursuing should also be given an opportunity to get an employment in the institutions, provided their studies should not be hampered. The government should also revise the student visa charges, so that it is not too much for the students to pay. It is the shared responsibility of the Government of the Australia and the authorities of the Universities, to think for the common good of all the students, irrespective of their nationality that aspire to study in Australian universities. If they open doors for international students, they should avoid discriminating the students based on their nationality. They should consider that once the students take admission in their institutions they become the part of the institution so they should not be treated differently. All institutions have the rule of treating the students equally, maintaining two types of fee structure is nothing but discrimination. Moreover Educational Institutions should not be treated as business, if it is has objective of providing education to students irrespective of the nationality. They should make sure that international students get equal opportunities for studies and education, just like the Australian students. A uniform fee structure should be formulated and implemented by the authorities of the Universities, the gap in the fee structure creates a huge gap among the national students and international students. For every institution maintaining a cultural diversity is very important, that can only be done if the fee structure is not biased and beneficial for Australian students where as a burden to the International students (Harmon 2015). But none of it can be done without the Government implementing effective regulations in this regard, the Australian students should also realize that this discriminating fee structure is very unfair for International students, they have other expenses as well as they are staying away from their country and they stay on student visa. They should come forward and stand for the international students so that the authorities take this matter very seriously. Raising voice against this serious issue, in a very peaceful manner perhaps will draw the attention of the authorities and the Government bodies. The different NGOs working for the cause of education should also come and stand for the international students, so that they can create pressure on the management of various Institutions to stop this practice. Which very discouraging for the International Students, moreover it would one day make Australia less preferred as the destination for pursuing education if the students choose to study in Universities of other countries and not Australia (Gale and Parker 2013). References Chapman, B. and Ryan, C., 2005. The access implications of income-contingent charges for higher education: lessons from Australia.Economics of Education Review,24(5), pp.491-512. Day, A., Nakata, V., Nakata, M. and Martin, G., 2015. Indigenous students' persistence in higher education in Australia: contextualising models of change from psychology to understand and aid students' practices at a cultural interface.Higher Education Research Development,34(3), pp.501-512. Gale, T. and Parker, S., 2013. Widening participation in Australia in higher education. Harmon, G., 2015. Australia as an higher education exporter.International Higher Education, (42). Hazelkorn, E., 2015.Rankings and the reshaping of higher education: The battle for world-class excellence. Springer. Jiang, K., 2014. International student flows between Asia, Australia, and Russia: a network analysis.Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia,13(1), pp.83-98. Kaiser, F., Maassen, P., Meek, L., van Vught, F., de Weert, E. and Goedegebuure, L. eds., 2014.Higher education policy: An international comparative perspective. Elsevier. Marginson, S., 2015. International education in Australia: The roller coaster.International Higher Education, (68), pp.11-13. Marklein, M.B., 2015. Legal Implications of International Students.Journal of Mason Graduate Research,2(1), pp.13-29. Meuleman, A.M., Garrett, R., Wrench, A. and King, S., 2015. Some people might say I'm thriving but: non-traditional students' experiences of university.International Journal of Inclusive Education,19(5), pp.503-517.

Expectancy Theories organizational Behaviour

Questions: 1.Explain at least two purposes of performance management and its relationship to business objectives? 2.Identify three components of performance management systems? 3.Explain the relationship between motivation and performance management, referring to at least two motivational theories? 4.Identify two purposes of reward within a performance management system? 5.Describe at least three components of a total reward system, 1 of which should be non-financial? 6.Explain the factors that should be considered when managing good and poor performance? 7.Identify and establish reasons for poor performance? 8.Explain the frequency, purpose, and process of performance review? 9.Required to prepare and conduct a performance review meeting? Answers: 1. Purposes of performance management and its relationship to business objectives Performance management is the act of evaluating the progress an organization is making towards the attainment of a preferred goal. Managing performance, thus, serves the purposes of measuring, and optimizing the businesss resources to equip a service to a level agreed-on. Measuring the said resources involve connecting individuals, strategies, and systems so as to increase efficiency and effectiveness to the point of acquiring the desired effects. For things in business to be done right and correctly, an establishment has to have two schemes, one that constitutes leaders and another that insists on achieving distinction. In an organization that has efficient performance management reaching for leadership skills that can lift above interpersonal attainments, attitudes, and behaviors is paramount. This vital aspect of performance management helps with keeping persons who represent the basic human capital of the organization. These individuals are in control of the execution of primary designs of the business concerns. The second purpose of performance management is optimization of business resources for the maximum possible benefits. A performance management should be secure which would enable it to follow up the schemes, strategies, and people actively for a productive management. In turn, the gross revenue and profitableness would increase. There is a strong relationship between performance management and business objectives in that it is how the activities of a business are performed that determines whether or not its objectives get met. There is a missing connection between ambitions and results, that affects the objectivity of a business, and that performance management seeks to bring in. Today, there are higher conscious levels in businesses that it is the integrated efforts and powers of their workers to implement the businesss systems that mold all the difference to their successful businesses. It is the role of top-level managers to ensure that the gap between aspirations and effects gets filled by motivating the employees. 2. Identify three components of performance management systems A performance management is a system in a business that takes the initiative of managing the performance of employees, to drive individuals and the entire establishment towards the wanted performance and results. The need of having a performance management system is to make sure that all internal stakeholders are working together to attain the overall operational goals. To have a stable performance management that propels a business to its goals, some components need to be focused on - The first component is an understanding of the expectations and reviewing the performance of employees towards achieving those expectations. It is paramount for business owners to have clear expectations and to communicate them well to the employees. Aside from just communicating, ensuring that the message is understood is important; and to do so constructive, consistent, and clear feedback should be encouraged. Reviewing performance would then involve measuring how the employees are responding to the set direction. Clear expectations, an understood message, and staff that match the culture of the business result in an easier performance review. If the reviews dont go well, it is possible that the team members have a misunderstanding of their individual roles. The management would then consider restating the expectations, or offering further guidance, or both. The second component is reward and recognition of the employees efforts. These are aspects of employment that make an employee look forward to another day at the work. Whenever a worker reaches a predetermined goal, a reward from the business should come their way, and the reward does not have to be expensive, what should always be is authentic. Other than a reward, an employees achievement can be recognized, say, to others during a team meeting. The third component is corrective action whereby discipline is administered, though hard, to an employee. It should, however, be used as a last resort measure. Letting employees fill a corrective actions form upon employment is good so as to do away with the anxieties that come with imposing a corrective action. The form should meet legal requirements the employer should, therefore, provide supporting documentation. 3. Relationship between motivation and performance management In the context of work, motivation is the degree of willingness an individual has to put in and maintain an effort towards the goals of an organization. The relationship between motivation and performance is that when a qualified workforce gets motivated the performance of their work and the results after that gets better with every act of motivation. Having priority programs in business is necessary as they have a huge stake in the inspiration of workers. With the programs, the employees can prioritize what is expected of them in the execution of their work. It enables them to deliver standard results in the right time. Some theories exist on motivation, yet there are two areas of motivation where the confusion arises: motivation to perform and motivation to be in a job. The first theory is Frederick Herzbergs two-factor theory that applies to a workplace, and it has two motivational areas: satisfiers and dissatisfies. Herzbergs theory makes a distinction between satisfiers- main sources of job satisfiers-, and dissatisfies- main sources of job dissatisfaction. Job satisfiers, in this case, are such as the work itself, recognition, achievement, and responsibility. Job dissatisfies are, say; salary, working conditions, relationship with other employees, and administrative supervision whenever they are absent, or an employee perceives them as insufficient. The first Frederick Herzbergs motivational theory got published in 1959 (Herzberg, Mau msner, Snyderman, 2011), and it says that job dissatisfaction or satisfaction gets impelled by two separate groups of factors. The theory continues to say that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on the opposing sides of the same scale; rather the two should be measured separately. The second theory is expectancy theory that suggests that people choose their actions based on how desirable the perceived outcomes are of those behaviours. It was used with much prominence by Victor Vroom (Vroom, Porter, Lawler, 2005) in a work context as he sought to determine the relationship between ability, motivation, and performance. He put the relationship as a multiplicative one- performance is equal to the ability of motivation x. Many of people are attracted to this sort of approach, especially employers who can object their motivation effort and forestall a definable mathematical yield for them. The expectancy theory is that of a cognitive process, and it depends on the perception that employees have on rewards. These theories, among others, and variants of them, have been put to use in many research studies and still inform the system of compensation management to date. 4. Identify two purposes of reward within a performance management system Organizations nowadays are portraying a high level of commitment in matters reinforcement of reward systems, which are aligned to the goals of the company and other human resource management practices. The main purposes of reward within a performance management system are attracting and retaining employees and motivating them. In environments that are based on performance, effective reward systems aid with attracting result driven workers who can thrive and succeed. A reward is, therefore, a vital motivator and may give rise to the enhancement of employees productivity if it is implemented properly. Once employees are motivated through an efficient reward system, there are beneficial effects that accrue upon their performance. Motivation instils a feeling of ownership amongst the employees, reduces costs of operationand enhances the interests that employees have on the financial performance of the business. 5. Components of a total reward system Having the best talent available requires a business to think of compensation in an all-inclusive manner so as to attract and retain talented persons. A total rewards system has the following components: compensation, benefits, and work-life-balance. There is the base salary that employees are entitled to, but in order to motivate the employees, it is necessary to offer other kinds of compensation. There is the short-term inducement pay that offers extra payment for short-term performance improvements. There is also the long-term motivation pay that offers rewards such as cash bonuses and stock options upon sustained performance and productivity for more than a year. When the work force of an organization is well compensated and accordingly, positive results are guaranteed. The other important component of a total reward system is benefits. An effective total reward system makes an organization go beyond the minimum benefits that are legally mandated. The benefits include the Social Security insurance, unemployment insurance, state disability insurance, Medicare, and workers compensation insurance. To attract top-level employees are a good vacation package, paid leaves and a variety of retirement plans. The third component is work-life-balance whereby the environment the employees are subjected to would promote a healthy balance between work and personal matters. Flexible work schedule, fitness centres, health screenings, nutritional counselling, stress-reduction workshops, childcare facilities, among others are approaches that can boost employee morale and results. 6. Managing good and poor performance Individual sets of steps are required for managing poor or underperformance as well as good performance of the employees. Management of poor performance should not only be the main concern of the mangers as maintenance of good performance is essential as well. It is because once management acquires expected productivity from the employees, they need to maintain that to hold on to the success. The particular steps required to manage poor performance are 7. Identify and establish reasons for poor performance It is essential at the very first to identify the particular faults in the employee performances and thereafter evaluate them to understand how much the faults are preventing employees to achieve their performance target. Without establishing strong reasons for the underperformance, it would not be easy to identify suitable solution for them. Provide necessary resources or support It is an essential responsibility for the management to provide necessary time, support and other performance related resources to the employees, when they are performing below the expectation rate. The steps help in motivating the employees too. Decide required actions After identifying the flaws and reasons for poor performance, it is necessary to decide the required actions, which can prove effective upon the problems. Decisions regarding the required actions should prioritize the chief and most frequent issues for underperformance. Monitor and provide feedback When employees are continuously making poor performances, it is necessary to support and monitor them on daily basis. Constant monitoring would help the managers to identify the mistakes and to improvise them. At the same time, feedback from management works as a motivating aspect that makes the employees feel prioritized. On the other hand, in order to manage good performance, the following steps are required Giving performance appraisals It is one of most efficient ways of managing impressive performances. Through the way of giving appraisals, managers can motivate them, which would lead them to achieve further success. For example, pay-per-performance is one of the most frequently used ways of appraising performance. Monitoring and feedback Continuous monitoring would help in maintaining the expected level of the performance as well as would help the managers in identifying any flaws in the productivity. Thereafter, the mandatory feedback would keep the employees up to date about their performances. Describe at least two items of data, relating to performance or reward, including one external to the organization. The two items of data that relate to performance are: 1.Organizational records which are considered to be objective. 2.Feedback data from the customers and suppliers Organizational records are known to provide valid, reliable, and fair data but these objective data alone cannot be relied on, and that is why a more critical approach is necessary. One of the reasons that the objective data cannot be relied entirely to rate performance is, it is not easy to pinpoint an objective outcome that is significantly and directly, influenced by the performance of one employee. In terms of external sources, customer and suppliers feedback is considered as one of the most effective items of data related to performance. One of the best ways to judge whether an organization is performing well or not, is to review the satisfaction level of the customers or target market of that organization. Furthermore, an organizations potentiality and efficiency is determined by the satisfaction level of its suppliers also. Therefore, feedbacks from both suppliers and the customers help to understand whether an organizations performance is addressing the needs of them or not. 8. Frequency, purpose, and process of performance review A performance review should be conducted as often as the organization and the employee would benefit. One of the purposes of the review is to acquire information about work performance that the administration can use for decision-making purposes and to give employees a feedback concerning their work productivity based on standards of job analysis and description. However, ways to optimize a proper performance review process includes the following Inaugurating with setting goals and performance planning The best way to review performances aptly begins with setting the aim and objective of conducting performance review that will fruitfully contribute to the accomplishment of the business strategies. The main factors in time of setting goals would be key responsibilities and performance expectations. Most significantly, the goals should be specific, measurable, attainable, and relevant and time bound. In terms of performance planning, the significant steps are communicating objectives and setting an appropriate plan for guiding the employees to accomplish the goals fruitfully. Gather information from formal and informal sources The Formal feedback process involves weekly tally sheets of sales. Informal feedback involves brief discussions between an employee and a manager. Instead of them, an effective process of gathering feedbacks from the employees is the 3600 feedback process. The sales report and deadline reports should be also taken into serious consideration in time of conducting performance review. Annual review Another step that should be included in the performance review process is to review and assess performances on an annual basis. It is required to mention that supervisors stay responsible for conducting and completing the performance reviews and they provide both job description and pre-review form to the employees. Provisional performance review Prior to make review and assess performances on annual basis, it is required from the part of the supervisors to regularly provide the feedbacks to both new and old employees. At the same time, they need to make a formal review of the new employees after three and six months of their employment. 9. The performance review meeting held between the call centre staff and the line manager was a success. The employees commitment to achieving her previous target was of much help as she was willing to go through the appraisal meeting to get the help she needed. A form (shown in the appendices) was filled during the 15 minutes meeting, and informative data was acquired from the employee. The line manager followed the due process of employee appraisal which led to the effective review. Before the interview, she was made aware of what the appraisal would include. As for the line manager, the audit principle was kept in mind, and monitoring was done on just a number of areas that suggested incompetence or competence across broad areas. The review meeting was also goal oriented, and the review manager carefully weighed the benefits the review would have before deciding on the objectivity and breadth. However, from the meeting, it has been understood that the employee has a dedicated nature towards accomplishing the organizational goals. Therefore, it has been understood that the employee needs to maintain her dedication. Nevertheless, the employee should attempt to improvise her scheduling process and needs to acquire work/life flexibility as her personal issues are bothering her. In that case, the organization can help her by providing pick and drop and extra holiday benefits. References Vroom, V. I. C. T. O. R., Porter, L. Y. M. A. N., Lawler, E. (2005). Expectancy theories, organizational behaviour, 1, 94-113.